Scientific Publications
To see the abstract of each article, roll your mouse over the authors' names (in blue. If you have trouble accessing a copy of an article, please email Adrian Treves.
Coming soon
Treves, A. 2023. Replace ivory towers with fire towers. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (guest editorial) in press 2023.
Treves, A. 2023. Replace the ivory tower with the fire tower. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, October issue, in press. A one page guest editorial.
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Why pre-print?
To reach a larger number of peer scientists before an article goes through the publication process, we have begun to presenter work in pre-print form . This also has the advantage of reaching the public and policy-makers more quickly. The downside is if we get something wrong (demonstrated by peer-reviewed work or a pre-print shared with us) yet it reached the public and went into effect. We’re willing to take that risk because of the pressing public need for scientific information for public policy.
Treves A, Fergus, AR, Hermanstorfer, SJ, Louchouarn, NX, Ohrens, O, Pineda Guerrero, AA. in review. Gold-standard experiments to deter predators from attacking livestock. pre-print.
After years of research, our conclusions about non-lethal deterrents and how to design randomized, controlled trials with crossover design.
Louchouarn NX. 2023 Don’t judge the roar by its echo: Tests of assumptions, tools and policies for human-carnivore coexistence in North America. PhD dissertation, August 2023, Carnivore Coexistence Lab, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Hermanstorfer, S. J. 2023. Western Colorado carnivore coexistence: Gold-standard non-lethal deterrent experiments and human-carnivore coexistence in Montrose, Colorado. Master's thesis, June 2023, Carnivore Coexistence Lab, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Elbroch L & Treves A. (equal co-authors) 2023. Why might removing carnivores maintain or increase risks for domestic animals? Biological Conservation 283:110106.
Treves, A., Elbroch, L.M., Bruskotter, J.T. 2023. Evaluating fact claims accompanying policies to liberalize the killing of wolves. Pre-print posted for pre-publication review.
Treves, A., Santiago-Ávila, F.J. 2023. Estimating wolf abundance with unverified methods. Academia Biology 1 doi 10.20935/AcadBiol6099 Compressed source documents from the state (WDNR 2022 population reports, greensheet and Stauffer et al. 2021).Treves, A. "Best available science" and the reproducibility crisis. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 20(9):495, November 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2568
The infographic below refers to information contained in the above articles.
Treves A, Elbroch, LM, Koontz F, Papouchis CM. 2022. How should scientific review and critique support policy? PLoS One Comment on Laundre & Papouchis 2020. Click here to access PLoS One pages and full disclosure for the Comment.
Treves, A., Elbroch, L.M. 2022. Does killing wild carnivores raise risk for domestic animals? Wild Felid Monitor, the newsletter of the Wild Felid Research & Management Association. Summer 2022.
Louchouarn & Treves 2023. Low-stress livestock handling protects cattle in a five-predator habitat. PeerJ in press, PeerJ 11:e14788 http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14788.
Supplementary Materials for the above article here.
Treves, Darimont, Santiago-Ávila 2022. calling out irreproducible research underlying the State of Wisconsin's wolf policy set by the Department of Natural Resources. Also attached to the original article here.
Treves, A., Menefee, L. pre-print 2023. Adverse effects of hunting with hounds on participants and bystanders. Biorxiv pre-prints posted for pre-publication review.
Treves and louchouarn 2022. recalculating our 2022 model of the Wisconsin wolf population in April 2022 see here using a different estimate of infant survival. We also enumerate the (now) five cases in which current or former WDNR employees failed to correct, retract, or inform the public of errors or omissions of important information about wolf science that could affect public policy.
Santiago-Ávila FJ, Agan S, W.,, Hinton JW, Treves A. 2022. Evaluating how management policies affect red wolf mortality and disappearance. Royal Society Open Science 9:210400. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210400.
Treves, A., Louchouarn, N.X. 2022. Uncertainty and precaution in hunting wolves twice in a year. PLoS One, 2022. 17(3): e0259604. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259604.
A third-party raised a concern about a typographical error in one of our sources (Thiel et al. 2009), so for due diligence we re-analyzed our data and published a comment here . However our conclusions did not change.
The DNR and NRB documents we cited from 2021.
The Supplementary Information from Treves & Louchouarn 2022.
Santiago-Ávila, F.J. & Treves, A. 2022.Poaching of protected wolves fluctuated seasonally and with non-wolf hunting. Scientific Reports 12:e1738. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05679-w.
Treves, A., F.J. Santiago-Ávila, and K. Putrevu 2021. Quantifying the effects of delisting wolves after the first state began lethal management. PeerJ, 9:e11666, doc 10.7717/peerj.11666.
Treves A, Paquet PC, Artelle KA, Cornman AM, Krofel M, Darimont CT. 2021. Transparency about values and assertions of fact in natural resource management. Frontiers in Conservation Science: Human-Wildlife Dynamics, 2:e631998, doc 10.3389/fcosc.2021.631998.
Treves, A., C. Batavia 2021. Improved disclosures of non-financial competing interests would promote independent review. Academia Letters, 2021. Article 514: p. 1-9.
Agan, S.W., A. Treves, and E.L. Willey 2021. Estimating poaching risk for the critically endangered wild red wolf (Canis rufus). PLoS One, 2021. 16(5):e0244261. DOI 10.1371.
Agan, S.W., A. Treves, and E.L. Willey 2021. Majority positive attitudes cannot protect red wolves (Canis rufus) from a minority willing to kill illegally. Biological Conservation 109321. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109321
Louchouarn NX, Santiago-Ávila FJ, Parsons DR, Treves A.2021. Evaluating how lethal management affects poaching of Mexican wolves. Royal Society Open Science 8 (registered report):: e2003300.
Just Preservation
In 2018, we published our ethic of public trusteeship, non-anthropocentric, multispecies justice that presents a method to give voice to future generations and to nonhumans when decisions are made to allocate or preserve nature. Start here with the original article Treves, A., Santiago-Ávila, F., Lynn, W.S. (equal co-authors) 2018. Just Preservation. Biological Conservation 229: 134-141.
The newest discussion of Just Preservation played out in 2021 in in the journal Animal Sentience, which included commentaries by several dozen colleagues and our replies to each: F.J. Santiago-Ávila, A. Treves (equal co-authors), W.S. Lynn, Just preservation, trusteeship and multispecies justice. Animal Sentience 393. This continues our work on trusteeship, legal standing for nonhumans, and future generations, and equitable consideration of nonhumans as members of our moral community.
Treves, A. and N. J. Balster (2021. The effect of extended student hours on performance of students in an interdisciplinary, introductory undergraduate ecology course. North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture Journal, in press.
Tshabalala, T., McManus, J., Treves, A., Masocha, V., Faulconbridge, S., Schurch, M., Goets, S., Smuts, B. 2021. Leopards and mesopredators as indicators of mammalian species richness across diverse landscapes of South Africa. Ecological Indicators 121, 107201.
Masters thesis by Abi Fergus, M.S. December 2020.
Santiago-Ávila, F.J., R.J. Chappell, and A. Treves, 2020. Liberalizing the killing of endangered wolves was associated with more disappearances of collared individuals in Wisconsin, USA. Scientific Reports 10:e13881. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70837-x.
Darimont, C.T., Hall, H., Mihalik, I., Artelle, K.A., Eckert, L., Treves A., Paquet, P. Large carnivore hunting and the social license to hunt. Conservation Biology 35(4):1111-1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13657.
Carroll, C., Rohlf, D.J., von Holdt, B.M., Treves, A., Hendricks, S.A. 2020. Wolf delisting challenges demonstrate need for an improved framework for conserving intraspecific variation under the Endangered Species Act. Bioscience biaa125,1-12. doi:10.1093/biosci/biaa125. .
With a podcast from four of the authors to explain the analysis and recommendations, in the wake of 2020 Trump Administration rule to delist the gray wolf nationwide Listen here (55 minutes).
Treves, Louchouarn, Santiago-Ávila. 2020. Modelling concerns confound evaluations of legal wolf-killing. Biological Conservation. 249:108643,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108643.
Treves & Santiago-Ávila. 2020. Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. Conservation Biology 10.1111/cobi.13472.
Treves, A. 2020.Standards of evidence in wild animal research. A report for the Brooks Institute for Animal Rights Law and Policy.
.Treves 2020. Elephants and pandemics. Animal Sentience 28(20). URL
Treves, A., Krofel M, Ohrens O and van Eeden 2019 Predator Control Needs a Standard of Unbiased Randomized Experiments With Cross-Over Design. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7:402-413. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00462
Treves, A. 2019. Scientific ethics and the illusion of naïve objectivity. Guest editorial in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:1.
Treves, A. A. F. J. Santiago-Ávila, V. D. Popescu, P. C. Paquet, W. S. Lynn, C. T. Darimont, K. A. Artelle 2019. Trophy hunting: Insufficient evidence. Letter in Science 366(6464):435.
Ohrens, O., Bonacic, C., Treves, A. 2019. Non-lethal defense of livestock against predators: Flashing lights deter puma attacks in Chile. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17(1):1-7.
van Eeden, L., Eklund, A., Miller, J.R.B.,...17 co-authors... Treves, A. (equal first authors) 2018. Carnivore conservation needs evidence-based livestock protection. PLOS Biology https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005577
. 2018. Van Eeden, Treves, Ritchie. The Conversation. A short popular science summary of the above article.
Treves, A., Artelle, K.A., Paquet, P.C. 2018. Differentiating between regulations and hunting as conservation interventions. Conservation Biology 33(2):472–475. DOI:10.1111/cobi.13211.
Santiago-Avila, F.J., Lynn, W.S., Treves, A. 2018. Inappropriate consideration of animal interests in predator management: Towards a comprehensive moral code. In Large Carnivore Conservation and Management: Human Dimensions and Governance, ed. T. Hovardos, Taylor & Francis, London.
Ohrens, O., Santiago-Avila, F.J., Treves, A.2019. The challenges of preventing real and perceived threats to livestock. In Human-Wildlife Interactions: Turning Conflict into Coexistence, eds. B. Frank, S. Marchini, J. Glikman, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Treves, A., K. A. Artelle, C. T. Darimont, W. S. Lynn, P. C. Paquet, F. J. Santiago-Avila, R. Shaw and M. C. Wood 018. Intergenerational equity can help to prevent climate change and extinction. Nature Ecology & Evolution DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0465-y.
Supporting Data.
Credit: Jen Burgess @jenburgessart
Credit: Jen Burgess @jenburgessart
Infographic below for 'Hallmarks of science missing from North American wildlife hunting and trapping plans':
Artelle, K.A., Reynolds, J.D., Treves, A. Walsh, J.C., Paquet, P.C., Darimont, C.T. 2018. Hallmarks of science missing from North American wildlife management. Science Advances. 2018.
short video explaining the findings
Santiago-Avila, F.J., Cornman, A.M., Treves, A. 2018. Killing wolves to prevent predation on livestock may protect one farm but harm neighbors. PLOS One 13:e0189729 here.
Chapron, G. and A. Treves 2016a and b, 2017a and b. We first showed that Michigan and Wisconsin wolf population growth slowed whenever the government liberalized wolf-killing and the slow-down was proportional to the length of time that culling was liberalized, regardless of how many wolves were killed. Then starting a lively debate, Pepin et al. tried to counter our hypothesis but did not succeed in our opinion. That debate improved our model which strengthened its findings here Strengthening our findings. and
a 2017 rebuttal. Then Stien and Olson and his colleagues tried again.
Those critiques only made our evidence stronger. Olson et al. in particular weakened their own position. Furthermore, independent findings for Mexican wolves presented by David Parsons in 2014 corroborate the idea that relaxing protections slows population growth more than expected. Furthermore work by Dr. F. J. Santiago-Ávila et al. i 2020, 2022a,b, and N. Louchouarn in 2022 corroborated the finding that reducing protections for wolves increased poaching. These three studies used independent datasets from red wolves in North Carolina, Mexican wolves in southwest USA and Wisconsin wolf survival rates. In sum, the debate is over: blood does not buy goodwill.
Treves A, Rabenhorst MF. 2017. Risk Map for Wolf Threats to Livestock still Predictive 5 Years after Construction. PLoS ONE: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0180043.
Lopez-Bao, J.V., Chapron, G., Treves, A. 2017. The Achilles heel of participatory conservation. Biological Conservation 212: 139-143.
Treves, A., Artelle, K.A., Darimont, C.T., Parsons, D.R. 2017. Mismeasured mortality: correcting estimates of wolf poaching in the United States. Journal of Mammalogy 98(3): open access at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx052.
Darimont, C.T., Paquet, P., Treves, A., Artelle, K.A., Chapron, G. 2018. Political populations of large carnivores.Conservation Biology 32(3):747-749.
Carroll, C., B. Hartl, G.T. Goldman, D.J. Rohlf, A. Treves, J.T. Kerr, E.G. Ritchie, R.T. Kingsford, K.E. Gibbs, M. Maron, J.E.M Watson. 2017. Defending scientific integrity in conservation policy processes: lessons from Canada, Australia, and the United States. Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12958
Treves, A., J.A. Langenberg, J.v. López-Bao, M.F. Rabenhorst 2017. Gray wolf mortality patterns in Wisconsin from 1979 to 2012 Journal of Mammalogy 98(1): DOI:10.1093/jmammal/gyw145
Treves, A., Krofel, M., McManus, J. (equal co-authors).2016. Predator control should not be a shot in the dark. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment14: 380-388. This article has the highest Altmetric score among articles of the same age in that journal, ranks in the 99th percentile for all research outputs of similar age, and the top 5% for research outputs of all types and ages; see https://wiley.altmetric.com/details/10981879#score for details.
In a nutshell:
• Predator control methods to prevent livestock loss have rarely been subject to rigorous tests using the "gold standard" for scientific inference (random assignment to control and treatment groups with experimental designs that avoid biases in sampling, treatment, measurement, or reporting).
• Across the controlled experiments that we systematically examined, higher standards of evidence were generally applied in tests of non-lethal methods than in tests of lethal methods for predator control.
• Non-lethal methods were more effective than lethal methods in preventing carnivore predation on livestock generally; at least two lethal methods (government culling or regulated, public hunting) were followed by increases in predation on livestock; zero tests of non-lethal methods had counterproductive effects.
• All flawed tests came from North America; ten of 12 flawed tests were published in three journals, compared to four of 12 tests with strong inference in those same journals.
• We recommend suspending lethal predator control methods that do not currently have rigorous evidence for functional effectiveness in preventing livestock loss until gold- standard tests are completed.
Treves, A., Bonacic, C.(equal co-authors). 2016. Humanity's Dual Response to Dogs and Wolves. Trends in Ecology and Evolution (TREE). doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.04.006
Take-home message: The relationship between humans, dogs, and wolves has changed over more than 40,000 years in ways that reflect the ecology and evolved traits of all three species.Ripple, W. With 41 co-authors authors including Treves. 2017. Conserving the World’s Megafauna and Biodiversity: The Fierce Urgency of Now. Bioscience. doi:10.1093/biosci/biw168
Ripple, W. With 43 co-authors including A. Treves 2017. Saving the World’s Terrestrial Megafauna. BioScience. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biw092
Treves, A., C. Browne-Nunez, J. Hogberg, J. Karlsson Frank, L. Naughton-Treves, N. Rust, Z. Voyles 2017. Estimating poaching opportunity and potential, in Conservation Criminology, M.L. Gore, Editor. John Wiley & Sons: New York. p. 197-212. .
Carter, N. H., J. López-Bao, J. Bruskotter, M. Gore, G. Chapron, A. Johnson, Y. Epstein, M. Shrestha, J. Frank, O. Ohrens and A. Treves2017. A conceptual framework for understanding illegal killing of large carnivores. Ambio 46(3): 251–264.
Treves, A., Chapron, G., Lopez-Bao, J.V., Shoemaker, S., Goeckner, A., Bruskotter, J.T. 2015. Predators and the Public Trust. Biological Reviews doi: 10.1111/brv.12227.
Take-home messages: Democratic governments have a duty under the public trust to preserve wildlife for current and future generations without substantial impairment. Trust duties are fiduciary duties meaning transparent accounting and prudence at a minimum. Few trustees of predators have lived up to these legal and ethical standards.Krofel, M., Treves, A., López-Bao, J.V. Hunted carnivores at outsized risk. Science. 350: 6260. Take-home message: Large carnivores are particularly vulnerable to human-induced mortality and we still now little about how they respond..
Treves, A. Bruskotter, J.T. 2014. Tolerance for Predatory Wildlife. Science 344: 476-477.
Take-home messages: Tolerance for predators did not reflect individual economic losses but rather social identity and peer group complaints. Intolerance for wolves and inclinations to poach wolves rose when the government culled wolves. Tolerance for wolves did not increase when wolf hunting and trapping season was implemented.Ohrens, O., Treves, A., Bonacic, C. 2015. Relationship between rural depopulation and puma-human conflict in the high Andes of Chile. Environmental Conservation doi:10.1017/S0376892915000259.
Voyles, Z., Treves, A., Macfarland, D. 2015. Spatiotemporal effects of nuisance black bear management actions in Wisconsin. Ursus 26: 11-20.
Hogberg, J., Treves, A., Shaw, B., Naughton-Treves, L. 2015. Changes in attitudes toward wolves before and after an inaugural public hunting and trapping season: early evidence from Wisconsin’s wolf range. Environmental Conservation, doi 10.1017/S037689291500017X.
Browne-Nuñez, C., Treves, A., Macfarland, D., Voyles, Z., Turng, C. 2015. Tolerance of wolves in Wisconsin: A mixed-methods examination of policy effects on attitudes and behavioral inclinations. Biological Conservation 189: 59-71.
Olson, E.R., Treves, A., Wydeven, A.P., Ventura, S. 2014. Landscape predictors of wolf attacks on bear-hunting dogs in Wisconsin, USA. Wildlife Research 41: 584–597.
Bruskotter, J.T., Vucetich, J.A., Enzler, S., Treves, A., Nelson, M.P. 2013. Removing protections for wolves and the future of the U.S. Endangered Species Act (1973). Conservation Letters 7: 401-407.
Carnivore Management. pp. 83-90 in B.S. Steel editor. Science and Politics: An A-To-Z Guide to Issues and Controversies. CQ Press, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA. .
Treves, A., Naughton-Treves, L., Shelley, V. 2013.Longitudinal Analysis of Attitudes Toward Wolves. Conservation Biology 27: 315–323
Treves, A. 2012. Tolerant attitudes reflect an intent to steward: A Reply to Bruskotter and Fulton. Society and Natural Resources 25: 103-104.
Shelley, V., Treves, A., Naughton, L. 2011. Attitudes to Wolves and Wolf Policy Among Ojibwe Tribal Members and Non-tribal Residents of Wisconsin's Wolf Range. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 16: 397-413.
Treves, A., Bruskotter, J. 2011. Gray Wolf Conservation at a Crossroads. BioScience 61: 584-585.
2012. Bruskotter, J., Enzler, S., Treves, A. Rescuing Wolves from Politics: Wildlife as a Public Trust Resource. Response to Mech and Johns. Science (Wash., D.C.), Policy Forum 335: 795-796.
2011. Bruskotter, J., Enzler, S., Treves, A. Rescuing Wolves from Politics: Wildlife as a Public Trust Resource. Science (Wash., D.C.), Policy Forum 333(6051): 1828-1829.
Treves, A., Martin K.A. 2011. Hunters as stewards of wolves in Wisconsin and the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Society and Natural Resources 24: 984-994.
Treves, A., Martin K.A., Wydeven, A.P., Wiedenhoeft, J.E. 2011. Forecasting Environmental Hazards and the Application of Risk Maps to Predator Attacks on Livestock. Bioscience 61(6): 451-458.
Schloegel, C., Jones, T., Zug, B., Achig, L., Treves, A. 2011. Don Oso Program Develops Participatory Monitoring Protocol for Andean Bears in Southern Sangay National Park, Ecuador. International Bear News 20(2): 23-25.
Treves, A., Jones, S.M. 2010. Strategic trade-offs for wildlife-friendly eco-labels. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8(9): 491–498.
Treves, A., Kapp, K.J., Macfarland, D.M. 2010. American black bear nuisance complaints and hunter take. Ursus 21(1):30-42.
Treves, A., Mwima, P., Plumptre, A.J., Isoke, S. 2010. Camera-trapping forest-woodland wildlife of western Uganda reveals how gregariousness biases estimates of relative abundance and distribution. Biological Conservation. 143: 521-528.
Treves, A. 2009. Hunting for large carnivore conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 1350-1356.
Treves, A., Jurewicz, R., Naughton-Treves, L., Wilcove, D. 2009. The price of tolerance: wolf damage payments after recovery. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2009, 18(14):4003-4021.
Treves, A., Wallace, R.B., White, S. 2009. Participatory planning of interventions to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts. Conservation Biology 2009, 23(6): 1577-1587.
Treves, A., Plumptre, A.J., Hunter, L.T.B., Ziwa, J. 2009. Identifying a potential lion Panthera leo stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx 43(1): 60-66. (Copyright Cambridge University Press http://journals.cambridge.org/repo_A35fUJfB) and see the Erratum we published as a correction to this manuscript.
Treves, A. 2008. Beyond Recovery: Wisconsin's Wolf Policy 1980-2008. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 13(5): 329-338.
Treves, A. 2008. Human-wildlife conflicts around protected areas. In Wildlife and Society: The Science of Human Dimensions. Manfredo, M., Vaske, J. J., Brown, P., Decker, D.J., Duke, E.A. eds. Island press, Washington, DC.
Treves, A., Martin, K.A., Wiedenhoeft, J.E., Wydeven, A.P. 2009. Gray wolf dispersal in the Great Lakes Region, in Recovery of Gray Wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States: an Endangered Species Success Story. Wydeven, A. P., Heske, E.H., Van Deelen, T. R. eds. Springer: New York.
Treves, A., Palmqvist, P. 2007. Reconstructing hominin interactions with mammalian carnivores (6.0 - 1.8 Ma) in Primate Anti-Predator Strategies. K. A. I. Nekaris, and S. L. Gursky, eds. Springer, New York.
Sillero-Zubiri, C., Sukumar, R., Treves, A. 2007. Living with wildlife: the roots of conflict and the solutions. In: Key Topics in Conservation Biology. D. MacDonald and K. Service, eds. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 266-272.
Treves, A., Wallace, R.B., Naughton-Treves, L., Morales, A. 2006. Co-managing human-wildlife conflicts: A review. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11(6):1-14.
Or you can read the Treves, A., Andriamampianina, L., Didier, K., Gibson, J,. Plumptre, A., Wilkie, D., Zahler, P. 2006. A simple, cost-effective method for involving stakeholders in spatial assessments of threats to biodiversity. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11(1): 43-54.
Treves, A., Naughton-Treves, L. 2005. Evaluating lethal control in the management of human-wildlife conflict. People and Wildlife, Conflict or Coexistence? Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S., Rabinowitz, A. eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 86-106.
Treves, A., Brandon, K. 2005. Tourism impacts on the behavior of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) at Lamanai, Belize. In Commensalism and Conflict: The primate-human interface. J. Paterson & J. Wallis, eds. American Society of Primatology, Norman, OK.
Naughton-Treves, L., Treves, A. 2005. Socioecological factors shaping local tolerance of crop loss to wildlife in Africa. People and Wildlife, Conflict or Coexistence? Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S., Rabinowitz, A. eds. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 253-277.
Treves, A., Naughton-Treves, L. Harper, E., Mladenoff, D., Rose, R., Sickley, T., Wydeven, A. 2004. Predicting human-carnivore conflict: A spatial model derived from 25 years of wolf predation on livestock. Conservation Biology 18(1): 114-125.
Wydeven, A.P., Treves, A., Brost, B., Wiedenhoeft, J. 2004. Characteristics of wolf packs in Wisconsin: Identification of traits influencing depredation. Pp. 28-50 in People and Predators: From Conflict to Coexistence. N. Fascione, A. Delach, M. Smith, eds. Island Press, Washington, DC.
Treves, A., Karanth, K.U. 2003. Human-carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conservation Biology 17(6): 1491-1499.
Grossberg, R., Treves, A., Naughton-Treves, L. 2003. Incidental ecotourism at Lamanai, Belize: The incidental ecotourist - Measuring visitor impacts on endangered howler monkeys inhabiting an archaeological site in Belize. Environmental Conservation 30(1): 40-51.
Naughton-Treves, L., Grossberg, R., Treves, A. 2003. Paying for tolerance: The impact of livestock depredation and compensation payments on rural citizens' attitudes toward wolves. Conservation Biology 17(6): 1500-1511.
Naughton-Treves, L., Mena, J.L., Treves, A., Alvarez, N., Radeloff, V.C. 2003. Wildlife survival beyond park boundaries: The impact of swidden agriculture and hunting on mammals in Tambopata, Peru. Conservation Biology 17(4): 1106-1117.
Shivik, J.A., Treves, A., Callahan, M. 2003. Nonlethal techniques for managing predation: primary and secondary repellents. Conservation Biology 17(6): 1531-1537.
Treves, A., Jurewicz, R., Naughton-Treves, L., Rose, R., Willging, R., Wydeven, A. 2002. Wolf depredation on domestic animals in Wisconsin, 1976-2000. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:231-241.
Treves, A., Naughton-Treves, L. 1999. Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores. Journal of Human Evolution 36: 275-282.
Naughton-Treves, L., Treves, A., Chapman, C., Wrangham, R.W. 1998. Temporal patterns of crop raiding by primates: Linking food availability in croplands and adjacent forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 35(4): 596-606.
For earlier articles about primate behavioral ecology, please email Adrian Treves.